Skid

Definition and overview

In logistics and material handling, a skid is a flat, typically rectangular platform that supports goods for storage and transport. Skids perform the same fundamental functions as pallets but are usually constructed as a single-deck platform without the bottom deck boards that characterize many pallets. They serve as a load base for unitizing shipments, enabling handling with forklifts, pallet jacks, or specialized lifting equipment. In industrial contexts the term skid also describes a structural base or frame fabricated to carry machinery, pumps, or process equipment for installation and transport.

Construction, materials, and types

Skids are manufactured from a variety of materials depending on strength, cost, hygiene, and regulatory needs. Common materials include:

• Wood: The most common material; economical and easily repaired. Wooden skids range from light utility designs to heavy-duty engineered timbers for large machinery.

• Plastic: Durable, moisture-resistant, and suited for clean-room, food, or pharmaceutical environments. Plastic skids are reusable with consistent dimensions and lower maintenance.

• Metal: Steel or aluminum skids provide high strength and long life for very heavy loads or open-sea export where stacking strength is important.

• Composite: Engineered combinations of wood, plastic, or metal for specific strength, weight, or environmental requirements.

Types of skids include single-face skids (single-deck), block skids, runner skids, and custom-engineered equipment skids. Single-face skids have one top deck and no bottom deck, allowing low-clearance forklifts to slide under the load. Runner or skid designs incorporate continuous runners instead of discrete blocks.

How and when skids are used

Skids are used wherever goods require a stable base for movement, storage, or shipment. Typical applications include:

• Warehouse storage and order consolidation: Skids are used to create unit loads that are easy to move and store on floor space or racks that accept skid-type bases.

• Freighting and export: Heavy machinery, drums, and irregular-shaped items are often loaded onto skids for secure lashings and containerization. For international shipments using wooden skids, ISPM 15 heat treatment or fumigation marking is required to meet phytosanitary regulations.

• Manufacturing and process equipment: Machinery is mounted on structural skids or frames so it can be moved as a single assembled unit and installed as needed on site.

• Cross-docking and fulfillment: In rapid handling operations, skids serve as temporary staging platforms for incoming and outbound goods, accelerating pallet jack and forklift operations.

• Cold storage and hazardous goods: Plastic or treated skids are commonly used in refrigerated or chemical contexts where moisture resistance and contamination control are important.

Design considerations and load capacity

Design of a skid depends on load weight, footprint, handling equipment, stacking needs, and transportation mode. Important parameters include dynamic and static load capacity, forklift entry points, deck board spacing, and overall durability. For export or sea freight, skids must be designed to withstand handling during loading, lashing, and potential exposure to moisture.

Manufacturers specify load ratings and test skids to standards appropriate to region and industry. For heavy equipment, engineers consider center-of-gravity, tie-down points, and deflection characteristics to prevent damage during lifting and transit.

Securing cargo and unitization

Goods on skids are commonly secured using a combination of:

• Strapping and banding for tensile restraint

• Stretch wrap or shrink wrap for surface protection and minor retention

• Blocking and bracing or dunnage for heavy, irregular, or high-center-of-gravity loads

• Lashing to container or vehicle anchor points for ocean or truck shipments

Proper load control prevents shifting, reduces damage risk, and increases safety during handling.

Regulatory and compliance issues

Wooden skids used for international transport must comply with ISPM 15 heat-treatment and marking requirements to prevent pest spread. Food, pharmaceutical, and medical sectors may require skids made from approved materials and subject to sanitation standards. For exports, documentation should indicate whether skids are heat-treated, fumigated, or composed of plastic or metal to avoid customs delays.

Comparison: skid versus pallet

While the terms skid and pallet are sometimes used interchangeably, practical differences influence selection. Skids are usually single-deck and simpler, providing lower clearance and a flexible platform for heavy or irregular loads. Pallets generally have bottom deck boards enabling stacking and racking in standardized systems. Choose skids when you need a robust single-deck base or a custom equipment mounting platform; choose pallets where standardized stacking, racking, and high-throughput automated handling are priorities.

Best practices

Implement these best practices when using skids:

• Match skid design to load characteristics and handling equipment; verify forklift entry and clearances before delivery.

• Adhere to ISPM 15 and other export regulations for wooden skids; document treatment and marking.

• Secure loads with appropriate strapping, blocking, and deformations checks to prevent movement in transit.

• Inspect skids for structural damage and repair or replace compromised units to avoid accidents.

• Use appropriate materials for environment: plastic or treated wood in wet, sanitary, or cold-storage applications.

Common mistakes

Typical errors include overloading skids beyond rated capacity, using untreated wood for international shipments, inadequate load restraint, and choosing skids incompatible with warehouse racking or equipment. These mistakes can lead to product damage, delays at customs, workplace injuries, and increased lifecycle costs.

Practical examples

Examples of skid use in industry include shipping drums of chemical product on heavy-duty wooden skids with steel banding and blocking; transporting HVAC units on steel skids that become part of the installed base; or using plastic skids in food distribution centers where moisture resistance and hygienic handling are required. In machine shops, equipment is often fabricated on a fitted skid so the entire assembly can be installed quickly onsite.

Lifecycle, reuse and sustainability

Skids can be repaired, reused, recycled, or repurposed. Wooden skids are often refurbished; plastic and metal skids have long lives and can be recycled. Selecting reusable skid systems and implementing skid recovery programs reduces total cost and environmental impact compared with one-way disposable platforms.

Summary



Skids are versatile, fundamental equipment in warehousing and transportation that provide a stable base for moving, storing, and installing goods and equipment. Proper selection, securing, and maintenance of skids improve operational efficiency, protect cargo, and ensure regulatory compliance. When planning shipments or handling heavy or irregular items, consider skid design, material, load rating, and export requirements to achieve safe and cost-effective logistics outcomes.